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Many books and other studies address the issues that are central to the Civic Tourism project. What follows is an annotated, alphabetical list of some of the most recent works on this topic. Authors with an asterisk before their name spoke at the March 2006 conference. *Beatley, Timothy and Kristy Manning. The Ecology of Place: Planning for Environment, Economy, and Community. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997 (265 pp.). Beatley is one of the most perceptive and knowledgeable scholars writing on the themes of place and sustainability, and this book is one of the best publications for communities that wish to move in a more sustainable direction. Boniface, Priscilla. Managing Quality Cultural Tourism. London: Routledge, 1995 (127 pp.). Boniface is a pioneer in heritage tourism studies, and this book, a brief text that seems intended mostly for students rather than practitioners, is one of the earliest to approach the issue of cultural resource management from a tourism perspective. Bosselman, Fred P., Craig A. Peterson, and Claire McCarthy. Managing Tourism Growth: Issues and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999 (304 pp.). The approach here is technical and legal. The authors examine how entire communities – neighborhoods, towns, cities, regions, countries – approach tourism. They note tourism can provide benefits to host communities, mostly economic, but they’re also clear that the industry can have a downside if it’s not managed according to local customs, capacities, and values. Briand, Michael. Practical Politics: Five Principles for a Community That Works. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999 (238 pp.). Long-time community activist Briand explains in clear terms, with many examples and ample direction, five principles for reinvigorating civic participation in communities: inclusion, comprehension, deliberation, cooperation, realism. It’s both conceptual and highly practical – a great place to begin the work of self-government. *Brown, Jessica, Nora Mitchell and Michael Beresford (eds.). The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community. Cambridge UK: IUCN Publications Services Unit, 2005 (268 pp.). This anthology of 17 articles examines the growing “Protected Landscape Approach” within the conservation movement. While much of the book is technical and intended for conservationists, it is accessible to most readers, especially those wishing to build a healthier quality of life for their community. Most essays focus on the evolving nature of landscape conservation, which increasingly is recognizing the interrelationships between land and human culture. As such, the book urges local cooperation among place-based entities, and it describes “place” as a web – not as a separate and disconnected hiearchy. Chambers, Erve (ed.). Tourism and Culture: An Applied Perspective. Albany: State University Press of New York, 1997 (221 pp.). The "Applied" in the title is an attempt to connect the discipline of anthropology to the tourism industry by examining the underlying cultural contexts within which tourism operates – and to look at the effects of tourism on different communities’ social markers. Cronon, William (ed). Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996 (561 pp.). So much of the conversation about "sense of place" concerns the relationship between humans and the environment. In this groundbreaking and somewhat controversial study, fifteen scholars from a variety of backgrounds (history, science, philosophy, gender studies, literature, etc.) examine the ways nature is constructed through culture. While the book offers few solutions to our environmental problems, the essays certainly provide a different way of thinking about them. Daily, Gretchen C. and Katherine Ellison. The New Economy of Nature: The Quest To Make Conservation Profitable. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002 (260 pp.). Just as ecotourism and heritage tourism use the natural and cultural environments for economic benefits, a new breed of ecological entrepreneurs is experimenting with programs and approaches that will help save our disappearing natural resources and make money at the same time. Drummond, Siobhan and Ian Yeoman (eds.). Quality Issues in Heritage Visitor Attractions. Oxford: Butterworth / Heinemann, 2001 (273 pp.). This anthology begins by examining the idea of quality in the service sector, primarily from a Total Quality Management (TQM) perspective, and then links this understanding to the heritage industry. Duany, Andres, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press, 2000 (294 pp.). Duany and wife Plater-Zybeck have become the Pied Pipers of New Urbanism, or Neotraditionalism, as it is also called. This popular book outlines the basic thesis of their architectural approach to designing livable places. Dutton, John A. New American Urbanism: Re-forming the American Metropolis. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 2000 (223 pp.). While intended primarily for architecture students and city planners, this highly readable and beautifully illustrated book is appropriate for any reader concerned about the design of the American landscape. Edgell, David L. Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2006 (144 pp.). This slim volume by a seasoned tourism scholar is less about “managing” sustainable tourism programs than it is about the evolution of the sustainability niche. Edgell succinctly recounts the developments, reports, and research in the hospitality sector that have led to the sustainability movement, an analysis that argues more or less that a responsible approach to tourism – economically, environmentally, socially – is not only preferred but necessary, given the industry's reliance on and connection to environmental and social contexts. The book would be a good introduction to the tourism developments that have led to and continue to frame the sustainability debate within travel industry circles, i.e., ecotourism, cultural tourism, heritage tourism. Edwards, Andres. The Sustainability Revolution: Portrait of a Paradigm Shift. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers, 2005 (206 pp.). This helpful book provides a concise overview of the sustainability trend, examining it from social, cultural, built, economic, and biotic perspectives. Communities, businesses, and organizations hoping to design and implement sustainable practices, for tourism or economic development in general, would do well to consult this book, which serves as a good introduction or primer—clear and not heavy on technical applications. In addition numerous best practices that are described throughout the text, the index is most helpful, providing dozens of examples of organizations, websites, publications, and consultants who work in the sustainability sector. A good place to start. Esty, Daniel and Andrew Winston. Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006 (366 pp.). This book's title pretty much tells the whole story: business can no longer afford to ignore resource limitations, and “smart” companies are figuring out how to incorporate “green” strategies and make money at the same time. Like many books that document sustainable-business projects, Green to Gold tends to focus on companies whose link to the environment is obvious, such as manufacturers and oil firms, never mentioning tourism or community development. Still, the value of this book is its clear argument for environmental awareness and the many tools the authors provide to help companies develop plans to incorporate a sustainable culture throughout the value chain. Green to Gold is an excellent manifesto for “smart” commerce, as well as a good map to help companies and communities move in the “green” direction while enhancing the bottom line. Feifer, Maxine. Tourism
in History: From Imperial Rome to the Present. New York: Stein
and Day, 1985 (288 pages). Although her study is now more
than two decades old, Feifer's account of the history of tourism
throughout the world is still one of the most relevant overviews
for any student of the travel industry. In particular, Feifer shows
that current tourism trends, such as cultural tourism or heritage
tourism, were always part of leisure travel, well before the terms
were coined. Her concept of the "post-tourist" is still
debated among academics and practitioners today. Goeldner, Charles R. and J.R. Brent Ritchie. Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 9th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003 (606 pp.). This massive textbook is fairly typical of the publications used in university classrooms to teach tourism. The book is extremely comprehensive, demonstrating that tourism is not a separate industry, but instead a business that connects to nearly every economic, social, environmental, or cultural sector in most communities. The introductory chapters, putting tourism into a large economic, geographic, and cultural context, are particularly helpful. Much of the book is aimed at students wishing to make a career in tourism, either as travel agents, hotel managers, or related professions; and it almost reads like a recruiting tool. Graham, Brian, G. J. Ashworth and J. E. Tunbridge. A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture & Economy. London: Arnold, 2000 (284 pp.). This far-reaching text provides dozens of interesting ideas about the nature, ownership, and presentation of heritage, although it is probably valuable as an academic exercise than as a helpful tool for heritage tourism managers. Harris, Rob, Tony Griffin and Peter Williams. Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002 (311 pp.). Sustainable tourism is one of the growth markets within the tourism industry. This collection of nearly 20 essays could spend a little time with the question of what sustainable tourism actually is, and less time documenting "best practices" that are far from conclusive, and somewhat repetitive. Hart, Stuart. Capitalism at the Crossroads: Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2007 (260 pp.). While this book focuses more on developing sustainable business practices in the third world, the principles that underlie his strategies are no less relevant for any community or commercial enterprise hoping to create sustainable programs that go "beyond greening." Of particular interest for Civic Tourism is Hart's insistence that businesses "become indigenous," that is, that they incorporate the values of local people, so new enterprises are designed from the ground up, rather than the typical corporate top-down approach. Hawken, Paul. The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. New York: HarperCollins, 1993 (250 pp.). Business leader Hawken has provided one of the earliest and clearest manifestos highlighting why and how corporations and other industries need to get on board the sustainability wave. Working from historical and ethical perspectives, the author argues for a "restorative" economic system, one that "creates, increases, nourishes and enhances life on earth." In this far-reaching examination of our cultural values, social structures, economic drivers, and political realities, Hawken demonstrates to businesses trying to earn a profit and activists hoping to save the environment how they can work together toward sustainable ends. The book is filled with many case studies and recommendations. Hawken, Paul, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1999 (396 pp.). Businessman Hawken and the Lovins, founders of the Rocky Mountain Institute, coined the term “Natural Capitalism,” which shares much with the ecological economics promoted by Hermann Daly. Natural Capitalism demands that businesses and corporations account for the Triple Bottom Line – that in addition to the financial ledger, today's companies must also factor in environmental and social costs. The most helpful sections in the book are the many, many practices that the authors include to demonstrate that the market and the environment are not at odds. Hiss, Tony. The Experience of Place. New York: Knopf, 1990 (233 pp.). Hiss’s book has gained something of the status of a classic in the "place" genre; he’s a personable writer and he was probably one of the first to write about the idea of "place" in this way. Some of it’s dated, but his book presages many of the placed-based issues communities wrestle with today. Holliday, Charles O., Stephan Schmidheiny and Philip Watts. Walking the Talk: The Business Case for Sustainable Development. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing Unlimited, 2002 (288 pp.). For anyone who still maintains that community development has to be either jobs or the environment, they should consult this book, written by CEOs of three of the world's largest corporations, including Shell Oil and DuPont. Walking the Talk introduces the concepts of “Eco-efficiency,” Corporate Social Responsibility, and other socially and environmentally sustainable forms of development. Complete with more than 60 best practices from around the world, the book demonstrates that sustainable development is not only possible, but imperative, given our environment's precarious decline during the last half century. Honey, Martha. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999 (405 pp.).This well-written and extremely comprehensive study of ecotourism lays a good deal of the blame for the unmet promise of ecotourism squarely on the shoulders of the major players in the travel industry. Honey’s criticisms of and recommendations for ecotourism are applicable to other place-based forms of tourism. Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1985 (396 pp.). Nearly two decades after its publication, Jackson’s sweeping history is still one of the finest and clearest overviews of how American-style suburbs came to dominate the landscape – showing how the automobile, federal programs, racism, and economic conditions created the perfect storm that pushed development outward, ruining cities in the process. Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House, 1961 (458 pp.). Although she’s gone on to write many other books on the nature of cities, economies, and civilization in general, Jacobs’ Death and Life is still required reading for anyone interested in the shape of communities. Most of her observations and recommendations have been validated by contemporary planners; the New Urbanists, in particular, often sound like Jane Jacobs updated. It’s amazing how prescient this New York neighborhood activist was. Judd, Dennis R. and Susan S. Fainstein (eds.). The Tourist City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999, (340 pp.). This anthology of sixteen essays explores the ways in which major cities have incorporated tourism into their economic, social, and cultural development. Although a bit uneven, the book skillfully shows how large cities, in particular, do or don’t manage to incorporate tourism into the larger social and economic structures. *Kemmis, Daniel. Community and the Politics of Place. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1990 (150 pp.). The former mayor of Missoula, Kemmis focuses most of his insights on the notion of "place" – what he has called "bio-regionalism." In his view, one’s commitment to the common good begins with a sense of place, and he makes a strong case that understanding one’s history and heritage is central to healthy communities. *Kemmis, Daniel. The Good City and the Good Life: Renewing the Sense of Community. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995 (226 pp.). In some ways, this is a sequel to Community and the Politics of Place, in that it is less theoretical and more grounded in Kemmis’s experiences of a city that works (Missoula, where he was mayor). He includes many examples of small citizen-initiated activities that help make communities livable Kirchenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums, and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (326 pp.). Kirchenblatt-Gimblett, a professor at NYU, writes in that art-critic, academic tone that is maddeningly convoluted, yet often incisive and exhilarating. Amid the verbal gymnastics, Kirchenblatt-Gimblett intersperses dozens of nuggets about the current state of culture, the function of museums, and the relation of both to tourism. Kunstler, James Howard. The
Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America’s Man-Made
Landscapes. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993 (303 pp.).
Kunstler’s first and still most widely read critique of modern
architecture, urban design, and suburban lifestyles should be read
by anyone concerned about the nature of place-making in America.
Often funny, always witty, Kunstler says what a lot of us have always
thought: many of our towns are ugly but they don’t have to
be. Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almanac. New York: Ballentine Books, 1949 (303 pp.). There's little doubt Leopold's collection of essays will become one of the most important books about land, nature, and sense of place published in the 20th century. For anyone concerned about those topics, this volume is a must-read. Leopold said "think like a mountain"; in terms of tourism development, we urge you to think like Leopold thinking about your community. Read and relish this book, and find ways to apply Leopold's words to your tourism activities. *Lippard, Lucy R. The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society. New York: The New Press, 1997 (328 pp.). Lippard has long been one of our best and most prolific cultural observers, mostly in the realm of art criticism. Lure of the Local is a dense and challenging book that begins by exploring the notion of place – specifically, the "local" – in order to suggest how art can contribute to our understanding of community. *Lippard, Lucy R. On the Beaten Track: Tourism, Art, and Place. New York: The New Press, 1999 (182 pp.). In this collection of twelve essays, Lippard’s target is tourism and the role of art within the industry. Most of the art she discusses is created by younger artists, whose work deals with tourism in general (usually critical), new forms of tourism (such as cultural tourism), or the ethnic and/or gender dimensions of tourism. *Nabhan, Gary Paul and Stephen Trimble. The Geography of Childhood: Why Children Need Wild Places. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994 (184 pp.). We love this book and just about everything Gary Nabhan, an esteemed ethnobotanist, writes. The theme here is summed up in the title: children need wildness and exposure to the natural world for their own development and to better understand their role in the wider community. Great stuff. MacCannell, Dean. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, 3rd Ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 (231 pp.). MacCannell’s is one of the first and still most relevant sociological studies of the tourist, whom he sees as the exemplar for the postmodern figure: "alienated but seeking subjectivity in his alienation." At times challenging, this book should be read by anyone remotely connected to the tourism industry. McKercher, Bob and Hilary du Cros. Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. New York: Hayworth Hospitality Press, 2002 (262 pp.). This is one of the most recent and thorough overviews of cultural tourism, although it falls short of following through with some of its early promises. Still, it helps the tourism industry understand the cultural community, and vice versa. Mowforth, Martin and Ian Munt. Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge, 1998 (363 pp.). Although the focus here is on tourism in the Third World, the principles discussed are relevant for most heritage tourism sites, as well as the governments, tourism agencies, NGOs, and others that work with heritage in general and heritage tourism specifically. Oldenburg, Ray. The Great Good Place. New York: Paragon House, 1989 (338 pp.). Oldenburg’s interesting and lively look at what he terms "third places" – those spaces where citizens meet in informal ways – has become one of the classics of place-based literature, and with good reason. The eradication of third places goes a long way toward explaining the shape of our communities. Pink, Daniel. A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future. New York, Berkley Publishing Group, 2005 (275 pp.). Pink's whole-mind literature is an important supplement to the work of creative economists like Richard Florida. Pink argues that successful businesses in the future will tap into people's creativity, including their ability to think conceptually and holistically. Although he does not address community development or tourism specifically, Pink's work relates to place-making because of its focus on using a creative approach to create meaning. Putnam, Robert. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000 (541 pp.). A follow-up book to the 1995 famous essay of the same title, Putnam’s lengthy study looks at the nature of public participation in America – the causes for its decline as well as some practical solutions. Putnam’s research into urban design suggests sprawl is not conducive to community-building. Rothman, Hal (ed.). The Culture of Tourism, the Tourism of Culture: Selling the Past to the Present in the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Press, 2003 (250 pp.). This anthology of eleven essays, including one by editor Rothman, addresses the topic outlined in the Introduction: how and why cultural tourism has become "an integral part of the future not only of tourism, but also of the economy of the American Southwest." Intended more for the historian of tourism than the practitioner. Rothman, Hal. Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998 (434 pp.). The premise here is that "tourism promises much but delivers only a little," and much of what it does deliver is not what communities anticipate: crowds, environmental damage, a different resident, inflated property taxes, lost local businesses, low-wage jobs, and control by outside forces. In sum, tourism changes communities, often burying the things that drew people to them. Even if you don’t agree with Rothman, it’s helpful to understand his point of view. Rojek, Chris and John Urry, eds. Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory. London: Routledge, 1997 (214 pp.). Edited by two of tourism’s most notable theorists, Touring Cultures presents itself as an anthology of "cutting edge" articles that comment on not only tourism and culture, but also the culture of tourism. *Rypkema, Donovan. The Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leader’s Guide. Washington, D.C.: The National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1994 (131 pp.). Rypkema provides a wonderfully readable and practical guide for historic preservation activists who need ammunition to keep city councils and developers from ripping down old structures. Let’s hope city councils hear the arguments in this book. *Sanders, Scott Russell. Staying Put: Making a Home in a Restless World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993 (203 pp.). This is a beautiful narrative about trying to establish a sense of place by not bowing to the great God restlessness. Sanders argues that we need to stay with our environments, stay with our beliefs, and stay with our families. We’re fans of just about everything Sanders writes, most of which deals with community and place-based issues. Savitz, Andrew. The Triple Bottom Line. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2006 (300 pp.). Tourism can certainly benefit from a “Triple Bottom Line” approach to development and reporting – accounting not only for the financial bottom line, but social and environmental bottom lines as well. What industry benefits more from a healthy environment, for example, than tourism? While this study rarely mentions tourism, Savitz's book nicely outlines the evolution of TBL, at the same time it provides suggestions for incorporating this new approach. We argue that tourism needs to embrace the TBL philosophy. Shackley, Myra. Managing Sacred Sites: Service Provision and Visitor Experience. London: Continuum, 2001 (206 pp.). Noting that much tourism is a quest for meaning to some degree, Shackely’s book focuses primarily on the management of places people visit for religious, spiritual, and related emotive reasons – including cathedrals, archeological sites, shrines, temples, cemeteries, and even mountains and islands. Sirianni, Carmen and Lewis Friedland. Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2001 (371 pp.). Anyone interested in public participation should consult this book, which is a history of the contemporary civic engagement movement, beginning primarily in the 1960s. Sirianni and Friedland, professors of sociology and journalism, respectively, provide a detailed account of how and why communities are turning to citizens to address today's troubling issues, from environmental degradation to health care. In the process they provide many case studies and best practices, and they feature numerous scholarly and research organizations around the nation that are working to promote effective public participation. Smith, Melanie K. Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. London: Routledge, 2003 (195 pp.). Smith has provided one of the best recent surveys of the cultural tourism industry, from both a cultural and tourism perspective. Unlike many cultural practitioners, she understands the tourism industry, and vice versa. Her book is filled with excellent case studies. Should be on every tourism office’s book shelf. *Weaver, David. Sustainable Tourism. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006 (240 pp.). Dave Weaver, whose earlier books focus primarily on ecotourism, has written one of the clearest and most helpful examinations of the growing sustainable tourism phenomenon. While intended primarily for students, Weaver's text will be helpful to communities and tourism programs as well. In a balanced and thoughtful way he delves into the many issues that frame sustainable tourism, from both environmental and business dimensions. Withey, Lynne.
Grand Tours and Cook's Tours: A History of Leisure Travel, 1750-1915.
New York: William Morrow and Company, 1997 (401 pp.). Another
history of tourism, this exhaustive account examines the industry
from the business point of view – how it developed in the
18th century with the European "Grand Tour," the rise
of mass tourism spearheaded by people like Thomas Cook, and the
opening of the American West via railroads and the automobile. Like
other accounts, this book illustrates that travel has always had
a cultural heritage dimension to it. Further, many proponents of
tourism saw it as a democratizing force, and one that would foster
understanding between nations. |
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Civic Tourism Conference II |
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